TNF and cerebral neuroblastoma: Furthermore, the water extract of P. tenera significantly protected nasal epithelial (RPMI-2650), lung epithelial (A549), and brain neuroblastoma (MC-IXC) cells against PM2.5, and effectively alleviated the inflammatory response of the lungs through the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) in short-term PM2.5-exposed mice for four weeks [25].