MAPK1 and melanoma: These authors also showed that apigenin inhibited the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), thereby decreasing cell migration and consequently decreasing melanoma metastasis, and induced apoptosis by increasing the levels of caspase 3 and cleaved PARP (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) [36].