Researchers found an association between F. nucleatum and high cytokine levels in CRC and OSCC; thus, it could generate pro-inflammatory factors through the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of the TLR4-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the outer membrane to create an inflammatory microenvironment and promote tumor progression [22]. Here, TLR4 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.