INSR and Alzheimer disease: Specifically, GO analysis showed the involvement of the identified DEPs in BPs such as “axon development,” “neuron differentiation,” “response to insulin,” “cellular response to insulin stimulus,” “insulin receptor signaling pathway,” “IGFR signaling pathway,” and “regulation of insulin secretion.” Several DEPs related to the insulin response, including Lpin1, Irs1, and InsR, were significantly upregulated in the brains of AD mice following sodium selenate treatment.