Lung lysates taken from NA2 VLP and QWIV vaccinated swine 5 days after infection with A/swine/NC/KH1552516/2016 and tested for 13 major Th1, Th2 and inflammatory cytokines, showed a statistically significant 3-fold increase of IL-1β (p=0.007 and 0.003) (Figure 8A), IL-6 (p=0.016 and 0.015) (Figure 8B) and IL-8 (p=0.023 and 0.015) (Figure 8C) in the infected mock vaccinated group as compared to challenged swine that had received NA2 VLP or QWIV vaccine. Here, IL6 is linked to infection.