In this regard, we hypothesized that the addition of GM-CSF may improve the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy in terms of enhanced tumor antigen presentation and recognition by tumor antigen specific T cells, which was likely further boosted by PD-1 immunotherapy, given that radiotherapy, GM-CSF, and PD-1 antibody treatment specifically targeted different components of the cancer-immunity cycle. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.