PDCD1 and neoplasm: Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-βR) expressed on T cells are considered to inhibit the antitumor effects of CD8+ T cells, however their retention on T-cell vesicles in turn neutralizes PD-L1 and TGF-β in the tumor microenvironment (TME).