Conversely, neutrophil abnormalities are detectable very early in the course of T1D: neutropenia, pancreatic infiltration and elevated circulating PNAs are detectable in pre-symptomatic islet autoantibody-positive individuals (15, 17), while the IFN-gene oriented signature in peripheral neutrophils is found even prior to seroconversion (17). The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.