GDF15 and inflammation: Systemic inflammation is manifested by an increase in plasma biomarkers such as CRP (C-reactive protein), TNFα, TNFαR1 (tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1), GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), IL6, soluble IL1R1 (interleukin 1 receptor 1), IL1RL1 (interleukin 1 receptor like 1), and integrin subunit beta 2.