TNF and diabetic kidney disease: A large number of infiltrated macrophages were observed in the renal biopsy specimens in patients with DKD, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were increased (Navarro-Gonzalez et al., 2011; Araujo et al., 2020).