TNF and Parkinson disease: In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ and large amounts of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen were elevated in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, striatum and SN of PD animal models and patients (Mogi et al., 1994b,1996; Mantle and Lee, 2018).