Based on the above-described results, the efficacy and safety of the CLAG and HAA regimens, and observations for refractory patients at our center who previously received a DAE regimen, an idarubicin, Ara-C, and G-CSF (IAG) regimen or a mitoxantrone, Ara-C, and G-CSF (MAG) regimen as induction chemotherapy, we first administered the HCA regimen, which avoids the use of Ara-C and replaces daunomycin, idarubicin or mitoxantrone with aclarubicin, to children with primary refractory AML. Here, CSF3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.