To take just the specific case of breast cancer as an example, the regulation of EMT appears to be centered on a list of different signaling pathways that include transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Notch, Wnt, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Hedgehog, and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) (Buyuk et al., 2021) (Figure 2). Here, TNF is linked to breast cancer.