TNF and cancer: Evaluating the inhibitory effects of natural drugs on the activation of NF-κB produced by TNF-α led to identifying cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), C-myc, MMP-2, MMP-9 (metalloproteinases), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) as representative downstream molecules involved in cancer invasion associated with EMT (Paramanantham et al., 2020).