PDK1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: A hallmark of ccRCC is metabolic remodeling, including stabilization of HIF1/2 transcription factors resulting from VHL mutations, which create pseudohypoxia, increase glycolysis and angiogenic growth factor secretion, and elevate expression of proteins, including CCND1, PDK1, LDH, and GLUT1, that are associated with glucose metabolism regulation and cell proliferation (Linehan et al., 2010; Linehan et al., 2019; Xiao et al., 2020).