Obesity also reduces insulin sensitivity (Redondo et al., 2012; Ferrara et al., 2017), which is associated with higher exogenous insulin needs, chronic inflammation, and higher risk for hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, and increased risk of long-term complications (Redondo et al., 2016; Corbin et al., 2018). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.