NOD1 and infection: Previous studies have revealed a critical role of NOD1 in innate immune response and inflammatory regulation during infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Travassos et al., 2005), Streptococcus pneumoniae (Opitz et al., 2004) and other intracellular bacteria such as Shigella flexneri (Girardin et al., 2001) or Listeria monocytogenes (Opitz et al., 2006).