CCL4 and bacterial vaginosis: BV has been associated with elevated levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-7, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-8, MIF, TNF-α, and TNF-β) and cellular (CCR5+CD4+ T cells) biomarkers of inflammation associated with increased HIV acquisition risk (Cohen et al., 2012; Eade et al., 2012).