INS and cancer: In a mouse model, TRF is found to delay tumour initiation, retard obesity-promoted malignant growth and decrease pulmonary metastatic foci, partially dependent on insulin levels and metabolic state.330 In addition, CR and FMD have been found to reduce IGF-1 levels to delay cancer risk.90,138,331 CR is capable of upregulating p53, a tumour suppressor, in mice.332 Similarly, GR deacetylates and degrades mutant p53 in an autophagy-dependent way.