In the children cohort, EV-RNA was detected in PBMCs in 14 of 49 children with mAAb (with or without type 1 diabetes) (28.6%) compared with one of 30 matched control children (without autoantibody or type 1 diabetes) (3.3%) (OR 11.60; 95% CI 1.89, 126.90; p=0.0065) (Fig. 1d). Here, BCAS3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.