CCL4 and dementia: When endogenous CCR5 ligands were measured in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples from HIV-infected patients, CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL5 (RANTES) were found in higher concentrations within the CSF of patients with dementia, and the CSF chemokine levels did not differ whether patients used antiretroviral agents or not (Letendre et al., 1999).