GM-CSF was found to improve the anti-tumor effects of B16 melanoma tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) peptide vaccines in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody by increasing the frequency of TRP-2-specific, IFN-secreting T cells in spleen and lymph nodes via DC priming and activation (78). Here, CSF2 is linked to melanoma.