The therapeutic function of GM-CSF in cancer is best exemplified in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Hodgkin- and non-Hodgkin- lymphomas (HL/NHL), where recombinant human GM-CSF (Sargramostim or Leukine®) is used to stimulate early stem cells in donors prior to their harvesting for peripheral stem cell transplant and to stimulate recovery of HPCs after bone marrow transplantation (93). Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.