The advent of high-dimensional single-cell immune profiling approaches including cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) (209), multiplexed ion beam imaging by the time of flight (MIBI-TOF) (210), CO-Detection by indEXing (CODEX) (211), and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) (211), allow one to determine the numbers, phenotype, activation states, and spatial distribution of multiple immune subsets in tumor, peripheral healthy tissue, and peripheral blood samples obtained from patients receiving GM-CSF-based therapies. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.