Encouraging results from preclinical studies (33, 155, 156) led to first clinical trials combining STAT3 inhibitor (BBI-608) with anti-PD-L1 therapies in metastatic colorectal carcinoma (NCT03647839, NCT02851004) or STAT3 targeting antisense oligonucleotide (AZD9150) with anti-PD-L1 therapy in NSCLC (NCT03334617) and other solid tumors. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.