NKX3-1 and male reproductive organ cancer: Notably, acute bacterial prostatitis in mice leads to down-regulation of Nkx3.1 (Khalili et al., 2010; Shinohara et al., 2013), and lower Nkx3.1 expression was also observed in the genetic prostatitis model of IL-1 overexpression (Ashok et al., 2019).