HMGA1 and ovarian carcinoma: For example, Wei et al. showed that PD-L1 upregulates the expression of HMGA1 and that the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways related to HMGA1 were activated to favour the proliferation of colorectal cancer stem cells 95; Kim et al. confirmed that HMGA1 overexpression in ovarian cancer could increase the stemness of cancer cells, that cell proliferation, spheroid formation and gene expression related to stemness are enhanced, and that it also has higher resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel 61.