In addition, the morphological analyses revealed that treatment with VIP reduced broad lamellipodia, spike-like filopodia, and polymerization of actin filaments in HCCLM3 and MHCC97H cells with VIRP1 overexpression compared to those with vector expression, which partially contributed to the decreased migrating and metastatic capacity of tumor cell 17 (Fig. 2E; Fig. S2E). This evidence concerns the gene VIP and neoplasm.