TGFB1 and cancer: Furthermore, miR-663a has also been discovered to act as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma [49], renal carcinoma [50], etc. Meanwhile, emerging data have previously confirmed that TGFB1-mediated biological processes or pathways has tumor-suppressor functions in early-stage cancer, including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, but can promote tumorigenesis in late-stage cancer, including metastasis and chemoresistance [51], which contributes to the pathogenesis of virus-induced cancers, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) [52], epstein-barr virus (EBV) [53].