BRAF and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Examples are BRAF mutations in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and papillary craniopharnygeoma (PCP) as well as TSC mutations in subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGAs) that can be targeted by BRAF or mTOR inhibitors (e.g. vemurafenib or everolimus) [21–25].