VEGFA and diabetic retinopathy: Ocular diseases of high socio-economic relevance such as macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion, are associated with elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in the vitreous, which increases the permeability of retinal endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro1–7.