The model also elucidates the interplay between immune activation and the IRP-LIP axis of iron regulation: In Fig. 5, the model indicated that normal iron-homeostasis under physiologic conditions is perturbed during infection, with high expression of DMT1, Zip14, TfR1, and ferritin mediated by inflammatory signals (IL-6 and TNF) and independently of the IRP-LIP axis, resulting in augmented uptake and storage of iron in macrophages during infection. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.