IFNA1 and HIV-1 infection: In the presence of OTOF (Fig. 2B), IFN-α treatment reduced HIV-1 infection by 13.1-fold; however, silencing OTOF reduced the IFN-α-mediated suppression by 2.73-fold, indicating that OTOF contributes to IFN-α-mediated resistance to HIV-1 infection in primary macrophages.