A peculiar subset of downregulated CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressed caspase-11 (Scaf11; cluster 10) (Fig. 2C; Fig. S3), indicating associated pyroptosis and cell death (37, 38), potentially by gasdermin-dependent regulation of these cells at an early stage of infection, as found in other parasitic diseases (39, 40). Here, GSDMA is linked to infection.