TNF and neoplasm: Activated CD4+ Th1 T cells have been shown to exert anti‐tumor effects against various cancer models via cytokines, such as interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ).[16] However, the role of Th17 cells in cancer immunity is unclear.[17] In a primary tumor model, we found that both Th1 and Th17 cell populations were expanded after EVax treatment (Figure 3D).