Of note, in previous studies, TGFB1 has been found to enhance proliferative and metastatic potential by upregulating lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 and integrin αMβ2 in human renal cell carcinoma [31], and PVRL2 has been found to be induced in cancer and to suppress CD8+ T lymphocyte function [32]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.