In addition, other UPR-associated proteins, such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP 78) and molecular chaperone heat shock protein (HSP) GRP94, and ER stress signaling proteins, such as the phosphorylation of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α), have been reported to be upregulated in various cancers and participated in the regulation of glycolysis, the microenvironment, and immune evasion of cancers (16, 20, 21). This evidence concerns the gene ERN1 and cancer.