Compared to the base model (including PSA, f/tPSA, and PSAD), the new model (including age, aPSADPZ, and PZ ratio) exhibited obviously higher AUC values (PCa: 0.782 vs. 0.689, p = 0.0931; csPCa: 0.865 vs. 0.741, p = 0.0284) for predicting csPCa (Figures 5A, B). Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.