GPX4 and acute kidney injury: They also found that it promotes ferroptosis through ferritin phagocytosis and lipid peroxidation, and that it might also inhibit GPX4 activity and intracellular GSH concentration by downregulating the “ferroptosis termination system.” In rodents, folic acid could lead to the development of AKI, and certain doses of folic acid could form crystals in the kidney lumen, and high doses could also be directly toxic to the renal tubular epithelium.