Growth factors (G-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17) produced by tumour cells, tumour-associated stromal cells, and tumour-infiltrating leukocytes (including T cells) can modulate haematopoiesis (48). Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.