VCAM1 and ischemic stroke: Among those regulatory molecules, tight junction proteins (TJPs), such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, and adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selection, play important roles in regulating peripheral leukocyte recruitment and modulating the permeability of BBB following ischemic stroke (8).