NFKB1 and fungal infectious disease: In insects, AMP production, the hallmark of innate immunity (13), is mainly mediated by two intracellular signaling pathways via nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors: (i) Toll pathway, whose primary role was identified in dorso-ventral axis formation in Drosophila embryo (14), and in Gram-positive bacterial and fungal infection-related immune responses as identified by Hoffman et al.