C3 and neoplasm: Using in vitro co-cultures of breast and prostate cancer cells with lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), Oliveira-Ferrer demonstrated tumor-dependent induction of C3, CFB and C1q secretion as well as that chemokine upregulation (CCL7, CXCL6, CXCL1) by the LECs promotes tumor metastasis (94).