In the “cancer group”, the average contents of HP and PDIA3 exceeded those in the “polyp group” and the “group of healthy volunteers”, showcasing statistically significant differences (p < 0.05); whereas the differences between the average contents in the “polyp group” and the “group of healthy volunteers” were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (see Figure 3A, Supplementary Figure S1, and Table 1 for details). Here, PDIA3 is linked to cancer.