Although BNP and NT-proBNP remain the most reliable biomarkers for HFpEF diagnosis, it is worth noting that elevated levels of natriuretic peptides can be non-specific and caused by a series of cardiac and non-cardiac factors, including pulmonary embolism, myocarditis, and renal dysfunction (185, 186). The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is Abnormal renal physiology.