Therefore, interleukin 6 (IL-6), Troponin-T, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), markers of inflammation, myocardial damage, oxidative stress, and atrial fibrosis, respectively, have been extensively associated with AF occurrence, recurrence, and/or AF prognosis (9). The gene discussed is GDF15; the disease is atrial fibrillation.