When comparing the two cohorts, some biomarkers presented differential concentration: IL-6, DKK-3, ESM-1, Troponin-T, and total NT-proBNP were higher in the CRYPTO-AF cohort compared to AFRICAT cohort, while GDF-15, FGF-23, and IGFBP-7 presented lower concentrations. The gene discussed is DKK3; the disease is atrial fibrillation.