TNF and bronchiolitis: Although inflammatory response to RSV is complicated, high levels of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κ B) dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in airways of children with bronchiolitis have been reported as potential biomarkers with prognostic value in RSV infection7–10.