As shown in Figure S3E, in LHON cells, sustained autophagy involved AMPK activation and concomitant mTOR pathway inhibition, as evidenced by increased AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of ULK1 in Ser 317 and of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC) and decreased phosphorylation of acetyl-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4EBP1. Here, ULK1 is linked to Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.