Given their dependence on tumor-specific T cells for efficacy and the demonstrated synergy between inhibiting T cell exhaustion by administering anti–PD-1 and promoting T cell survival and proliferation with anti–4-1BB (46–49), we evaluated the effects of this combination when combined with the Ad5-TRP2 cancer vaccine and PMG3, PMG4, or PMG5. The gene discussed is TNFRSF9; the disease is neoplasm.