KRAS and lung carcinoma: Moreover, KRAS-mutant lung cancer is strongly associated with an immune evasive phenotype and KRAS signaling is thought to play a role in orchestrating such an immunosuppressive environment, for example, by driving the expression of cytokines and chemokines as was shown for interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer (18).