When tumors were measured at the end of the study, animals treated with CpGf-AFP-sr39 NPs had an average tumor area of 27 ± 4 mm2 compared with 71 ± 8 mm2 and 79 ± 16 mm2 for fLuc NP– and CpGf-CMV-sr39–treated animals, respectively (Fig. 7, A and B). Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.