TNF and diabetic kidney disease: The size of the bubble indicates the gene count of the pathway, and the color reflects the number calculated by the formula “−log10 (P value).” Among these pathways were eight predominant pathways that play important roles in the development of DKD, including Type II diabetes mellitus, drug metabolism—cytochrome P450, sphingolipid, HIF-1, TGF-beta, cGMP-PKG, estrogen, and TNF signaling pathways (Table 3).