HIF1A and diabetic kidney disease: Our study shows that in the treatment of DKD, the main active components of CO mainly target NOS3, TNF, ROCK1, and PPARG, and regulate signaling pathways including drug metabolism-Cytochrome P450, sphingolipid, HIF-1, and TGF-beta to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress, and antifibrosis effects.