INS and gestational diabetes: The etiology of GDM has not been fully elucidated, and its development may be associated with increased maternal and placental secretion of anti-insulin hormones [8], which can result in intrauterine distress, hypoglycemia, giant fetuses, obesity in the offspring, diminished long-term cognitive ability, and increased risk of T2DM, and even an increased incidence of adverse outcomes such as postpartum metabolic disorders, hyperhydramnios, obstructed shoulder labor, and preterm delivery in pregnant women [9, 10].